{"id":14622,"date":"2025-04-15T19:28:27","date_gmt":"2025-04-15T19:28:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/?p=14622"},"modified":"2025-04-15T19:28:29","modified_gmt":"2025-04-15T19:28:29","slug":"market-based-sourcing-in-state-and-local-taxation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/market-based-sourcing-in-state-and-local-taxation\/","title":{"rendered":"Market-Based Sourcing in State and Local Taxation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:41px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" data-src=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Market-based-sourcing-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14625 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Market-based-sourcing-980x551.png 980w, https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Market-based-sourcing-480x270.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1024px, 100vw\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Market-based-sourcing-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14625 lazyload\" srcset=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Market-based-sourcing-980x551.png 980w, https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Market-based-sourcing-480x270.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1024px, 100vw\" \/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><em>Market-based sourcing attributes sales of services to where the benefit is received, often requiring a &#8220;look-through&#8221; rule to identify the ultimate recipient. As in the Humana case, sourcing tax revenue across states when a look-through rules applies is anything but straightforward.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By <a href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/judith-vorndran\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Judy Vorndran\">Judy Vorndran<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/stacey-roberts-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Stacey Roberts\">Stacey Roberts<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sourcing of transactions for tax purposes affects both sales tax and income tax. Many states have transitioned from cost of performance-based sourcing to market-based sourcing for sales of services for apportionment purposes. This shift is not entirely new, but it raises the question: what does market-based sourcing mean? Each state has its own definition, adding to the complexity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recently, a case in Minnesota highlighted just how complex sourcing has become, particularly in how services are provided and should be sourced for income tax purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Minnesota Case: Humana<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Humana case, decided in November 2024, is a prime example. Minnesota&#8217;s rule for market-based sourcing states that sales of services are sourced to Minnesota if the benefit of the services is received in Minnesota. While the statute is straightforward, applying it can lead to different tax outcomes when considering the &#8220;look-through&#8221; rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The look-through rule involves looking beyond the immediate customer to the customer&#8217;s customer. For instance, an insurance company might be billed in Connecticut, but the insured individuals or businesses across the country receive the benefit of the services. The Humana case applied this rule, even though it wasn&#8217;t explicitly stated in Minnesota&#8217;s statutes. The courts decided that the plan members received the benefit of the services, invoking the look-through rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Broadly Applied Principle<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This look-through rule isn&#8217;t limited to insurance companies. It can apply in various situations, making it essential for taxpayers to understand how their services should be &nbsp;sourced. For example, a client selling online coupons for manufacturer discounts found that revenue sourcing depended on where the coupon was redeemed, not where it was paid from. This can lead to conflicts between states, each wanting to claim the revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taxpayers must carefully analyze how they make their money, where it&#8217;s billed, and where it&#8217;s served or serviced. Multiple transactions in the flow of commerce can complicate sourcing revenue for income and sales tax purposes. Insurance is a clearer example, but the principle applies broadly. Tax preparers must look beyond the bill to address to understand how sales revenues are earned and paid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taxpayers cannot readily decide sourcing in state and local tax without a thorough understanding of market-based sourcing and this look-through rule. TaxOps can help taxpayers develop a comprehensive plan to attribute revenue accurately across states, ensuring compliance, minimizing conflicts, and reducing the risk of overpayments. Reach out to one of our business tax advocates today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:57px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe48e5de wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/contact\/\">Talk to a Business Tax Advocate<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:53px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Read more<\/h2>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__list wp-block-latest-posts\"><li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/auditor-independence-in-the-age-of-private-equity\/\">Auditor Independence in the Age of Private Equity: What CFOs Need to Know<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/r-d-credits-for-software-companies\/\">R&amp;D Credits for Software Companies: Scrum Teams, Qualifiers, and Section 174 After OBBBA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/section-174-decoupling-what-tax-pros-need-to-know-state-by-state\/\">Section 174 Decoupling: What Tax Pros Need To Know State By State<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/sean-espy-new-partner\/\">TaxOps Welcomes Sean Espy as Partner, Tax Minimization<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/state-nexus-demystified-navigating-tax-compliance-after-wayfair-episode-1-2\/\">Your Tax Footprint Is Probably Bigger Than You Think: What Finance Leaders Need to Know About State Nexus<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Market-based sourcing attributes sales of services to where the benefit is received, often requiring a &#8220;look-through&#8221; rule to identify the ultimate recipient. As in the Humana case, sourcing tax revenue across states when a look-through rules applies is anything but straightforward. By Judy Vorndran and Stacey Roberts Sourcing of transactions for tax purposes affects both [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":14625,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"41px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:41px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":14221,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/2025-Colorado-State-and-Local-Tax-Legislation-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14221\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:quote -->\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Judy Vorndran, lead partner of state and local tax at TaxOps, testified before the Colorado Senate Finance Committee on January 28, 2025. She addressed SB25-018 and SB25-046, proposed legislation that would create a searchable database and enhance audit confidentiality. Below is a summary of her remarks<\/em>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Following testimony and discussion, the Finance Committee unanimously passed both bills. SB25-018 now moves to the Committee on Appropriations while SB25-046, as amended, has been referred to the full Senate and placed on the Senate consent calendar.<\/em> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>\"It was an amazing experience to look in all of their faces and explain why these laws make Colorado more competitive and are good for both government and taxpayers<\/em>,\"<em>  ~ Judy Vorndran <\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/blockquote>\n<!-- \/wp:quote -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"34px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"textAlign\":\"center\"} -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Testimony on SB25-018, Online Search of Sales and Use Tax, and SB25-046, Local Government Tax Audit Confidentiality Standards<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"42px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:42px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Good afternoon, members of the <a href=\"https:\/\/leg.colorado.gov\/committees\/finance\/2024-regular-session\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Senate Finance Committee\">Senate Finance Committee<\/a>. My name is <a href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/judith-vorndran\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Judy Vorndran\">Judy Vorndran<\/a>. I am a partner in the tax specialty firm TaxOps and a member of the &nbsp;Sales and Use Tax Simplification Task Force.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>I am here to testify in support of two bills, SB25-018 and SB25-046. A summary of my statement follows.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"43px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SB25-018, Online Search of Sales and Use Tax<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>SB25-018 aims to create a searchable database for sales and use tax licenses and exemption certificates. This bill is crucial for improving transparency and compliance in our tax system.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Points<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>Importance of a Searchable Database:<\/strong><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>SB25-018 proposes the creation of a database at the state and department of revenue level, allowing taxpayers to look up licenses and entities.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>Benefits for Taxpayers:<\/strong><ol><li>Having access to a searchable database would be a significant advantage for taxpayers. It would help them ensure that vendors are properly licensed and collecting the correct tax amounts.<\/li><\/ol><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} -->\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>This measure would also align Colorado with other states, such as Texas, which already have similar databases in place. These databases have proven to be extremely helpful for taxpayers in those states.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>Improved Compliance:<\/strong><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} -->\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>The searchable database would facilitate better compliance with tax laws. Taxpayers would be able to verify the status of vendors and themselves, reducing the risk of errors and ensuring accurate tax collection.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>SB25-018 is a vital step towards enhancing transparency and compliance in Colorado's tax system. I urge the Committee to support this bill and help create a more efficient and taxpayer-friendly environment.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"46px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SB25-046, Local Government Tax Audit Confidentiality Standards<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>SB25-046 addresses the confidentiality standards for local government sales or use tax audits. This bill would both protect taxpayer information and ensure fairer audit practices.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Points<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} -->\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Confidentiality Concerns:<ol><li>SB25-046 aims to establish uniform confidentiality standards for local government tax audits. This is important because third-party auditors often conduct these audits, and there are concerns about how taxpayer information is handled and shared.<\/li><\/ol><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} -->\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Currently, third-party auditors are not always licensed professionals, and there is no regulation ensuring their confidentiality practices. This raises significant concerns about the protection of sensitive taxpayer information.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Issues with Third-Party Auditors:<ol><li>Many home-rule cities do not have captive auditors and rely on third-party auditors who may conduct audits on behalf of multiple jurisdictions. This can lead to inefficiencies and increased taxpayer burdens.<\/li><\/ol><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} -->\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>There are instances where third-party auditors may target large taxpayers, leading to multiple audits across different cities. This practice is also burdensome and raises concerns about the confidentiality of taxpayer information.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Need for Regulation:<ol><li>There is a need for stricter regulation and oversight of third-party auditors to ensure they adhere to uniform confidentiality standards. This includes establishing ethical and fiduciary duties similar to those required of licensed professionals.<\/li><\/ol><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} -->\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>The bill also highlights the importance of transparency in the contracts between cities and third-party auditors. These contracts should be subject to public scrutiny to ensure accountability.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>SB25-046 is essential for protecting taxpayer information and ensuring fair audit practices. I urge the Finance Committee to support this bill and help create a more transparent and accountable audit process. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>I would be happy to answer related questions you may have, and I thank you for the opportunity to weigh in on these important pieces of legislation.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"57px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:57px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:buttons {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"flex\",\"justifyContent\":\"center\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons\"><!-- wp:button -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/taxops.com\/contact\/\">Talk to a Business Tax Advocate<\/a><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:button --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:buttons -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"53px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:53px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Read more<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:latest-posts \/-->","_et_gb_content_width":"","spt_transcript":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[229,226],"tags":[252,1145,284,12,1144,1158,126,26,265,1135,492,1134,18,19,316,1136,30,810,101,799,605,262,79,267,620,80,712,1138,1137,74],"class_list":["post-14622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-state-and-local","category-tax-news","tag-accountant","tag-advocate","tag-cfo","tag-colorado","tag-colorado-society-of-cpa","tag-continuous-education","tag-cpa","tag-cpe","tag-finance-professional","tag-iaas","tag-leadership","tag-saas","tag-sales-and-use-tax","tag-sales-tax","tag-salt","tag-software-providers","tag-state-and-local-tax","tag-state-income-tax","tag-state-tax","tag-tax-advisor","tag-tax-automation","tag-tax-planning","tag-tax-preparer","tag-tax-professional","tag-tax-professionals","tag-tax-provider","tag-tax-school","tag-tax-tools","tag-tax-vendors","tag-taxops"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Market-based-sourcing.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14622","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14622"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14622\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14626,"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14622\/revisions\/14626"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14625"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14622"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14622"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/taxops.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14622"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}